Causal inference represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary subfield that involves various assumptions, study designs, and estimation strategies, allowing researchers to establish causal relationships from both clinical trials and observational data.
No abstract available
Importance: Despite increasing use of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and related health effects among youth, few studies have reported their effects on eyes.
Objective: To examine whether controlled delivery of morselized absorbable collagen sponge recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP2) in a delayed manner postsurgery would allow for improved bone healing.
Objectives: In the USA, tobacco product free samples (FS) are prohibited, except for smokeless tobacco samples distributed under certain conditions in qualified adult-only facilities. We examined prevalence and frequency of FS receipt among adults who use tobacco, channels of FS distribution and the potential effect of FS use on subsequent product purchase.
Despite efforts to eliminate smoking, more than 1 billion people worldwide continue to use combustible cigarettes through choice or inability to quit. With an associated 8 million deaths, the provision of noncombustible tobacco and nicotine products that smokers will accept to replace combustible cigarettes can lessen harm. However, most of these products have entered the market only in the past 20 years.
Introduction: Smoking is more common among people with mental disorders and is associated with adverse effects. Some compounds, including nicotine and cytisine, have been used in many individuals to increase success in smoking cessation.
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